mordenisim v/s postmodernism

Postmodern/Postmodernity

-Suspicion and rejection of Master Narratives; local narratives, ironic deconstruction of master narratives: counter-myths of origin.

-Rejection of totalizing theories; pursuit of localizing and contingent theories.

-Social and cultural pluralism, disunity, unclear bases for social/national/ethnic unity.

-Skepticism of progress, anti-technology reactions, neo-Luddism; new age religions

-Sense of fragmentation and decentered self; 
multiple, conflicting identities

-Alternative family units, alternatives to middle-class marriage model, multiple identities for couplings and childraising.

-Subverted order, loss of centralized control, fragmentation.

-Trust and investment in micropolitics, identity politics, local politics, institutional power struggles.

-Rhizome/surface tropes. 
Attention to play of surfaces, images, signifiers without concern for "Depth"

-Hyper-reality, image saturation, simulacra seem more powerful than the "real"; images and texts with no prior "original". 
"As seen on TV" and "as seen on MTV" are more powerful than unmediated experience.

-Disruption of the dominance of high culture by popular culture; 
mixing of popular and high cultures, new valuation of pop culture, hybrid cultural forms cancel "high"/"low" categories

-Demassified culture; niche products and marketing, smaller group identities

-Art as process, performance, production, intertextuality. 
Art as recycling of culture authenticated by audience and validated in subcultures sharing identity with the artist.

-Navigation, information management, just-in-time knowledge. 
The Web

-Interactive, client-server, distributed, many- 
to-many media (the Net and Web)

-Dispersal, dissemination, 
networked, distributed knowledge

-Indeterminancy, contingency

-Play, irony, challenge to official seriousness, subversion of earnestness

-Hybridity, promiscuous genres, recombinant culture, intertextuality, pastiche

-Design and architecture of LA and Las Vegas

-cyborgian mixing of organic and inorganic, human and machine and electronic

-androgyny, queer sexual identities, polymorphous sexuality, mass marketing of pornography

-hypermedia as transcendence of physical limits of print media; 
the Web or Net as information system

Orientalisim

Orientalism

The motif of Orientalism played an important role in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literary works in Europe. Fueling the creative imaginations of artists, literary figures, and in fact all of Europe, this fascination with the Orient also influenced many of the Romantic writers, who situated novels and poetry alike in the mysterious far-off lands of Turkey, India, the Middle-East, and Asia. Relations between East and West first gained widespread political and social importance during the Crusades (1096-1271), when religious hostility between the Muslim and Christian worlds exploded into a power struggle to recapture lands taken by the “Infidels.” However, while failing to successfully recapture the Holy Land, the Crusades opened up increasingly accessible channels to the East. Returning Crusaders brought back stories and goods from the far-off lands they had seen, which excited the popular imagination and created a thirst for greater contact with the Orient. The East became an intriguing destination for travelers, many of whom went on to write about their experiences in exotic lands among unfamiliar peoples and customs. Further, the establishment of trade routes, and the placement of European diplomats, dignitaries, and a military presence in Eastern countries brought more frequent contact and greater familiarity with the once virtually unknown Orient.Although the earliest travelogues written by Westerners depicted inhabitants of the Orient as “Noble Savages,” they also provided sources of inspiration for Western writers. Scholars point out that there were approximately seventy travel books written during the period between 1775 and 1825. One of the most famous accounts were the letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who visited Istanbul in 1717 while accompanying her husband, Lord Montagu, Ambassador of the Levant Company, on a trip to Turkey. Her “Turkish Letters,” published posthumously in 1763, described harem life for the first time for English readers. Considered scandalous because of Lady Montagu's detailed, n

onjudgmental observations of Oriental sexual practices and the custom of polygamy, this work enthralled readers and became a favorite source of information for many writers. In addition to travelogues, this time period was marked by a flowering of scholarship on Eastern literature, history, philosophy, and religion. George Sale completed his translation of the Koran, and such scholars as William Jones (who translated from Arabic, Persian, Hebrew, and Sanskrit) acquainted Western readers for the first time with such texts as the Mahabharataand the Arabian Nights. The Arabian Nights in particular became a favorite in Europe, giving rise to an enormous number of imitators who wrote their own Oriental tales and romances. In a wider context, the vogue for Orientalism was also aided by historic events: Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in 1798 called attention to the military as well as the cultural importance of that region, and the Greek War of Independence (1821-28) enjoyed widespread support in England, most notably from Lord Byron, who personally traveled to Greece to join the forces fighting against the Ottoman Turks. Additionally, colonization by England and other Western countries meant that many more people traveled to the Orient and eventually shared their experiences in written form, giving rise to a large body of memoirs, diaries, geographies, histories, and manuals.In literature as well as in art, the Orient became associated with lush landscapes, eroticism, mystery, rich costume, and fierce military campaigns. English Romantic writers in search of the unusual and picturesque soon began to incorporate Oriental themes and subjects into their works. Many scholars consider William Beckford's novel Vathek (1786) a landmark of Orientalism. An Eastern romance, it is set in an imaginary Arabian or Turkish land. Its protagonist, the Caliph Vathek, who is half human and half demon, indulges his sensual appetite, faces djinns and genii, and winds up damned to eternal torment in a variation of the Faust theme. While this work has long been considered the prime example of the Orientalist craze in Europe, more recent critics have pointed out that, despite its Oriental trappings, its themes are essentially Western ones. Moreover, Beckford relied on Oriental detail to such an excessive extent in Vathek that the work simultaneously becomes a parody of the style. Romantic writers Lord Byron, Thomas Moore, Robert Southey, and many others nevertheless continued to write in the Orientalist mode, mining the texts of Sir William Jones and other Oriental scholars for details about primitive Oriental landscape, dress, and military strategy, which they incorporated into their works. The Romantic emphasis on liberty also politicized their poetry, so that many of the Orientalist works—for example, Robert Southey's Thalaba (1801), Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh (1817), and Lord Byron's “Turkish Tales”—depict the struggle to overthrow a powerful Oriental tyrant.Critics who have studied Orientalism in Europe, especially in nineteenth-century literature, have pointed out that there is much that can be learned about the West's image of itself through the way Western writers have depicted the Orient. Recently, scholars such as Edward W. Said, Eric Meyer, and Jerome Christensen have focused on ways in which Orientalism reflects European preoccupations. The idea of the Oriental as the “Other,” or mysterious unknown, reflects European concerns about a changing, expanding world full of new uncertainties and questions about one's own identity. To these critics, literary Orientalism must also be viewed in light of colonial expansion by Western countries and is problematized by Western political power and the self-appointed mission of “bringing civilization” to the Orient. Some scholars have pointed out elements of this issue in the works of such poets as Percy Bysshe Shelley and Alfred Lord Tennyson, who were drawn to the mythologies of other cultures but felt bound by their Christianity to distance themselves from such influence. Critics such as Patrick Brantlinger, Reina Lewis, and Alicia Carroll have explored how Orientalism in literature influenced and, in some cases, constituted a critique of British nationalism through characterization, choice of theme, and treatment of both Oriental and domestic settings. Another avenue of criticism concerning Orientalism that has attracted attention is the handling of gender in Orientalist writings. Alan Richardson, Meyda Yeğenoğlu, and Joseph W. Lew, among others, have written about the role of women, especially in the writings of Lord Byron, where the veiled Muslim woman symbolizes the ultimate “Other” who can also reveal much about the individual confronting her as well as about Western patriarchy. The wealth of material concerning the Orient that was produced in nineteenth-century Europe allows for a unique understanding of the development of East-West relations, and ensures continued vigorous scholarly interest in Orientalism.

Samuel Bukket 's short play's of 'Breath'

"BREATH "

               This  is  the   short  play  of  30  second  by   Samuel bakket.  Which  first  premiered  in  Eden  theatre  on   June  16,  1996 . This  play  is  a  very   short  but  it's  very  significant  play.  This  play  in  Which  saying  many  things.  In  this  video  related  write  to  the  poem's.  It's  play  is  very  difficult  to  the  understand  but  It's very  needs  to  understand  about the  novel and  play.

                        In  this  first  video  in we can  see  that  everything  is  rubbish  or  nothingness.  But   we  minutely  see  that  it's  deep  meanings  about  life  that  sound  of  inhale and  cry  of  child  in  setting  of  place, in  same  here  that  meaning  of  the  life is  a  rubbish  and  nothingness  about the  humans  are  crazy  for  success, famousness and  after  the  death   getting  Heaven, but  this  all  is  a  meaninglessness. 

                     In  the  second  video  the  medical things  and  technically  which  the  suggest of  modern  time  of  perhaps  the  destruction  after world  war  2  . This  thought  represent  to  in  'Waiting for  godot ' in this  play  in shows  that  meaninglessness  & nothingness.  So  this  short  play  is  deeply  connected  to  the  existentialism. 

Hamlet movie screening : workshit

First of all Thank you sir . 1. When the movie is a very faithful. Because original play is in only saying to the ' Hamlet ' story. But movie in showing to original play 's theme And plot construction and about then movie And play are connected to both them. Then movie is effected to the original plays theme. 2. My interpretation is a original play is a text and it's read in about then I only imaginative to the story. But after watching to the movie is in that all characters is very well plays of our role 's. And director show to this movie in royal atmosphere And stories background. Then movie is in effective to the tragic hero ' Hamlet ' and his dialogues. Another of his quite madness is provide to the stories theme of ' Revenge '. 3. No I don't feel ' Aesthetic delight ' moment in this movie. Because this movie in every characters life is connected to problematic situations. No happiness to in this story . Even ' Hamlet ' is also suffering to many tragedy of his life And he is a tragic hero. So play in many characters life circumstances is in of more tragedy. 4. Yes , I feel ' catharsis ' of hamlet And Ophelia. This story in Denmark king of '' Hamlet '' died became Prince 'Hamlet' is come and he saw to his mother marry to his uncle Claudius. So in this situation effect to Hamlet 's mind . And he was very frustrated . In This suffering effect see to Hamlet 's behaviour. And Ophelia 's situation very poor . Because she is very much loved to Hamlet. And she's father died after then she is gone a madness of way. So end of the movie in Ophelia and Hamlet was died. 5. Yes, it's very helpful of movie screening. Because I have not read the original text and I have read to only some summary of the play. In this after then movie screening I have know to this play 's story. I understand to theme of story and specially characters expressions. 6. This movie in many scence are very effective directed. But one scence in Ophelia is a mad . She's very pretty And nice girl. But again She's condition very kindly. She beloved to Hamlet. So why Hamlet is blame to Ophelia? I not understand. But at that moment then Ophelia is a very suffering to her situations. So I will this moment is cherish life time. 7. If I am director, So I would like to change of first and last scence. Because in the first scence in the ghost suggest to 'revenge ' of Hamlet mind in , so when I change to ghost suggestion. And last scence in no died to all characters and meet to love birds of Ophelia And Hamlet. So end of the story is happiness. 8. In this movie first scene statue is introduced to ghost is coming to in the play And ghost is suggest to the 'Revange'. But after then end of the movie in suggest to the result of revenge. So it's result is describe to down fall king Hamlet 's empire's. And then it is big ' paradise lost ' of the story. And it's symbol of wrong Ness. 9. I can study in the movie and play. So I search to formalist , philosophical and feminist approaches. 1) first of all many formality use of in this play. Then Hamlet for use of metaphor And his irony and narrative voice. His language is a very effected.2) then second is philosophical is a very use for Hamlet. When the hamlet 's mind in many philosophical thoughts are created. 3) end of last is feminist approach. When the hamlet 's mother married to his uncle. So Hamlet is blaming to his mother and again blaming Ophelia. He thinks that many woman's characters are frailty and questionable. 10. I like to feminist approach. Because Hamlet think that every woman are reserved to questionable characters. This think is his on mind set. So many questions are wait to this approach and it is a very suitable to this play and how to connect this revenge is the play story.

"The Temest ": summary

THE TEMPEST BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE "Summary"

First Performed November 1, 1611
First Published the First Folio in 1623

Alonso (the King of Naples), his brother Sebastian, his son Ferdinand, Antonio's counselor Gonzalo, and Antonio (brother of Prospero, the exiled Duke of Milan) are on a ship with sailors caught in a tempest (sea storm) at sea. They leave the ship fearing the ship split in half. When the storm settles, the exiled Duke Prospero and his daughter Miranda appear on the island they have inhabited for 12 years.

Miranda tells his father she saw the ship crack in the storm. Prospero calms her, explaining it was a magical illusion he created. He explains he was once Duke of Milan, but his brother Antonio took over and banished Prospero and Miranda and abandoned them at sea, where they luckily landed on the island.

Now, he explains, his enemies have sailed by, so he created the tempest to shipwreck them. He causes her to sleep and calls his spirit Ariel to come. Ariel verifies that the nobles are safe on the island and the remainder of the fleets has returned to Naples believing Alonso is dead.

We learn that Prospero rescued Ariel form the "foul witch" Sycorax and would free Ariel himself when his plans for the nobles are complete. She also had a deformed son. Caliban (refers to cannibal), whom Prospero commands as his slave. Hidden, Ariel sings a song and scares Alon's son Ferdinand as he wanders around the island, eventually meeting Prospero and Miranda. Both Miranda and Ferdinand immediately fall in love, but Prospero (although approving) pretends to be critical towards Ferdinand.

In another part of the island, Alonso, Sebastian, Antonio, Gonzalo, and the lords Adrian and Francisco are wandering. Alonso fears Ferdinand is dead, but Gonzalo assures him he may be living, since they are living. Ariel causes all to sleep, except Sebastian and Antonio. Then Antonio convinces Sebastian to kill Alonso, so Sebastian will become heir to Naples' throne. Prospero, though, has Ariel awaken Gonzalo to warn Alonso. Elsewhere, Caliban is gathering wood when jester Trinculo, then the drunkard Stephano (both from the ship) come upon them. Caliban takes Stephano to be a god (the Man in the Moon), and vows to serve him.

At Prospero's cave, Miranda meets Ferdinand carrying logs for her father. Here they exchange their love for one another and promise to be married. Prospero, watching in secret, approves. Elsewhere, Caliban convinces Stephano to kill Prospero and seize Miranda so they can be king and queen. Ariel overhears and will warn Prospero. Alonso and others are wandering when Ariel and other spirits brings in a table of food. Before they can eat, Ariel appears and takes the food away, then informs Alonso, Sebastian, and Antonio that it is their evilness toward Prospero that has caused their current sorrows (shipwreck, loss of Ferdinand, etc) .

At the cave Prospero presents Miranda to Ferdinand, though instructing him not to "break her virgin-knot" until after they are properly married. He celebrates by presenting them with a show by the spirits Iris, Ceres, and Juno. However, Caliban Stephano, and Trinculo show up to kill Prospero. He, however, creates a distraction with extravagant garments then sends the fairies after them like hounds hunting foxes.

In the final act, Prospero brings the nobles to his cell and reveals himself to them. He forgives Alonso, Antonio, and Sebastian then reveals that Ferdinand is safe with Miranda. Alonso restores Prospero's dukedom and Prospero promises to return all home safely to Italy. As for Caliban, he promises to mend his ways while Stephano and Trinculo repent for ploting to kill Prospero.

Summary about the play "waiting for godot "

#WAITING_FOR_GODOT_BY_SAMUEL_BECKETT "Summary"

Act I
The setting is in the evening on a country road with a single tree present. Estragon is trying to pull off his boot, but without success. Vladimir enters and greets Estragon, who informs him that he has spent the night in a ditch where he was beaten. With supreme effort Estragon succeeds in pulling off his boot. He then looks inside it to see if there is anything there while Vladimir does the same with his hat.  Vladimir mentions the two thieves who were crucified next to Christ. He asks Estragon if he knows the Gospels. Estragon gives a short description of the maps of the Holy Land at which point Vladimir tells him he should have been a poet. Estragon points to his tattered clothes and says he was. Vladimir continues with his narrative about the two thieves in order to pass the time. Estragon wants to leave but Vladimir forces him to stay because they are both waiting for Godot to arrive. Neither of the two bums knows when Godot will appear, or even if they are at the right place. Later it is revealed that they do not even know what they originally asked Godot for. Estragon gets bored of waiting and suggests that they pass the time by hanging themselves from the tree. They both like the idea but cannot decide who should go first. They are afraid that if one of them dies the other might be left alone. In the end they decide it is safer to wait until Godot arrives. Estragon asks Vladimir whether they still have rights. Vladimir indicates that they got rid of them. He then fears that he hears something, but it turns out to be imaginary noises. Vladimir soon gives Estragon a carrot to eat.
Pozzo and Lucky arrive. Lucky has a rope tied around his neck and is carrying a stool, a basket, a bag and a greatcoat. Pozzo carries a whip which he uses to control Lucky. Estragon immediately confuses Pozzo with Godot which gets Pozzo upset. Pozzo spends several minutes ordering Lucky around. Lucky is completely silent and obeys like a machine. Pozzo has Lucky put down the stool and open the basket of food which contains chicken. Pozzo then eats the chicken and throws away the bones. Lucky stands in a stooped posture holding the bags after each command has been completed and appears to be falling asleep. Estragon and Vladimir go to inspect Lucky who intrigues them. They ask why he never puts his bags down. Pozzo will not tell them, so Estragon proceeds to ask if he can have the chicken bones that Pozzo has been throwing away. Pozzo tells him that they technically belong to Lucky. When they ask Lucky if he wants them, he does not reply, so Estragon is given the bones.
Pozzo eventually tells them why Lucky hold the bags the entire time. He thinks it is because Lucky is afraid of being given away. While Pozzo tells them why Lucky continues to carry his bags, Lucky starts to weep. Estragon goes to wipe away the tears but receives a terrible kick in the shin. Pozzo then tells them that he and Lucky have been together nearly sixty years. Vladimir is appalled at the treatment of Lucky who appears to be such a faithful servant. Pozzo explains that he cannot bear it any longer because Lucky is such a burden. Later Vladimir yells at Lucky that it is appalling the way he treats such a good master. Pozzo then gives an oratory about the night sky. He asks them how it was and they tell him it was quite a good speech. Pozzo is ecstatic at the encouragement and offers to do something for them. Estragon immediately asks for ten francs but Vladimir tells him to be silent. Pozzo offers to have Lucky dance and then think for them. Lucky dances for them and when asked for an encore repeats the entire dance step for step. Estragon is unimpressed but almost falls trying to imitate it. They then make Lucky think. What follows is an outpouring of religious and political doctrine which always starts ideas but never brings them to completion. The three men finally wrestle Lucky to the ground and yank off his hat at which point he stops speaking. His last word is, "unfinished." The men then spend some effort trying to get Lucky to wake up again. He finally reawakens when the bags are placed in his hand. Pozzo gets up to leave and he and Lucky depart the scene.
Vladimir and Estragon return to their seats and continue waiting for Godot. A young boy arrives having been sent by Mr. Godot. Estragon is outraged that it took him so long to arrive and scares him. Vladimir cut him off and asks the boy if he remembers him. The boy says this is his first time coming to meet them and that Mr. Godot will not be able to come today but perhaps tomorrow. The boy is sent away with the instructions to tell Mr. Godot that he has seen them. Both Estragon and Vladimir discuss past events and then decide to depart for the night. Neither of them moves from his seat.
Act II
The setting is the next day at the same time. Estragon's boots and Lucky's hat are still on the stage. Vladimir enters and starts to sing until Estragon shows up barefoot. Estragon is upset that Vladimir was singing and happy even though he was not there. Both admit that they feel better when alone but convince themselves they are happy when together. They are still waiting for Godot. Estragon and Vladimir poetically talk about "all the dead voices" they hear. They are haunted by voices in the sounds of nature, especially of the leaves rustling. Vladimir shouts at Estragon to help him not hear the voices anymore. Estragon tries and finally decides that they should ask each other questions. They manage to talk for a short while. Estragon has forgotten everything that took place the day before. He has forgotten all about Pozzo and Lucky as well as the fact that he wanted to hang himself from the tree. He cannot remember his boots and thinks they must be someone else's. For some reason they fit him now when he tries them on. The tree has sprouted leaves since the night before and Estragon comments that it must be spring. But when Vladimir looks at Estragon's shin, it is still pussy and bleeding from where Lucky kicked him. Soon they are done talking and try to find another topic for discussion. Vladimir finds Lucky's hat and tries it on. He and Estragon spend a while trading hats until Vladimir throws his own hat on the ground and asks how he looks. They then decide to play at being Pozzo and Lucky, but to no avail. Estragon leaves only to immediately return panting. He says that they are coming. Vladimir thinks that it must be Godot who is coming to save them. He then becomes afraid and tries to hide Estragon behind the tree, which is too small to hide him. The conversation then degenerates into abusive phrases. Estragon says, "That's the idea, let's abuse each other." They continue to hurl insults at one another until Estragon calls Vladimir a critic. They embrace and continue waiting.
Pozzo and Lucky enter but this time Pozzo is blind and Lucky is mute. Lucky stops when he sees the two men. Pozzo crashes into him and they both fall helplessly in a heap on the ground. Vladimir is overjoyed that reinforcements have arrived to help with the waiting. Estragon again thinks that Godot has arrived. Vladimir and Estragon discuss the merits of helping Pozzo get off the ground where he has fallen. When Vladimir asks how many other men spend their time in waiting, Estragon replies that it is billions. Pozzo in desperation offers to pay for help by offering a hundred francs. Estragon says that it is not enough. Vladimir does not want to pick up Pozzo because then he and Estragon would be alone again. Finally he goes over and tries to pick him up but is unable to. Estragon decides to leave but decides to stay when Vladimir convinces him to help first and then leave. While trying to help Pozzo, both Vladimir and Estragon fall and cannot get up. When Pozzo talks again Vladimir kicks him violently to make him shut up. Vladimir and Estragon finally get up, and Pozzo resumes calling for help. They go and help him up. Pozzo asks who they are and what time it is. They cannot answer his questions. Estragon goes to wake up Lucky. He kicks him and starts hurling abuses until he again hurts his foot. Estragon sits back down and tries to take off his boot. Vladimir tells Pozzo his friend is hurt. Vladimir then asks Pozzo to make Lucky dance or think for them again. Pozzo tells him that Lucky is mute. When Vladimir asks since when, Pozzo gets into a rage. He tells them to stop harassing him with their time questions since he has no notion of it. He then helps Lucky up and they leave. Vladimir reflects upon the fact that there is no truth and that by tomorrow he will know nothing of what has just passed. There is no way of confirming his memories since Estragon always forgets everything that happens to him. The boy arrives again but does not remember meeting Estragon or Vladimir.
He tells them it is his first time coming to meet them. The conversation is identical in that Mr. Godot will once again not be able to come but will be sure to arrive tomorrow. Vladimir demands that the boy be sure to remember that he saw him. Vladimir yells, "You're sure you saw me, you won't come and tell me to-morrow that you never saw me!" The two bums decide to leave but cannot go far since they need to wait for Godot. They look at the tree and contemplate hanging themselves. Estragon takes off his belt but it breaks when they pull on it. His trousers fall down. Vladimir says that they will hang themselves tomorrow unless Godot comes to save them. He tells Estragon to put on his trousers. They decide to leave but again do not move.

Summary of scarlet letter

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The Scarlet Letter is an 1850 romantic work of fiction in a historical setting, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and is considered to be his magnum opus.
Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts during the years 1642 to 1649, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who conceives a daughter through an affair and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the book, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt.

Summary:

The Scarlet Letter opens with a long preamble about how the book came to be written. The nameless narrator was the surveyor of the customhouse in Salem, Massachusetts. In the customhouse’s attic, he discovered a number of documents, among them a manuscript that was bundled with a scarlet, gold-embroidered patch of cloth in the shape of an “A.” The manuscript, the work of a past surveyor, detailed events that occurred some two hundred years before the narrator’s time. When the narrator lost his customs post, he decided to write a fictional account of the events recorded in the manuscript. The Scarlet Letteris the final product.

The story begins in seventeenth-century Boston, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter, Pearl, in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her breast. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester’s husband, a scholar much older than she is, sent her ahead to America, but he never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child’s father.The elderly onlooker is Hester’s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl grows into a willful, impish child. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, a young and eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers a mark on the man’s breast (the details of which are kept from the reader), which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to a deathbed when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale’s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses.Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth has probably guessed that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. The day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing a scarlet letter seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead, as Pearl kisses him.Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who has married a European aristocrat and established a family of her own. When Hester dies, she is buried next to Dimmesdale. The two share a single tombstone, which bears a scarlet “A.”

Thinking activity : Virginia woolf's '' To The Lighthouse "

Here   I  am  sharing  my  view  about  the  novel  " to  the  Lighthouse "  .

1)    yes  ,  Virginia  woolf  is  used to' stream  of  consciousness ' technique. She  very well  explain that  how  thinking  makes  our  relations  so  much  complicated. In  this  novel 's  every character's  think that  differently. They  are justified  for own thoughts. So " Life  is  simple  people  are  Complicated " other way  in see  that  Virginia woolf's  personal life  in is also  adopting to  this  technique.

2)    yes , I  agree  for  that   the  novel  is  tribute & critique of  Mrs  Ramsay .because Mrs  Ramsay take care  for her family  and  special her husband  Mr  Ramsay.  So  we  can  see that  Mrs  Ramsay  is  very  caring  mother & housewife. Even  her  house in coming to  guests,  so she  cooking  to  dinner and  arranged to  party  for  the  her guests. Well  we can  compare Mrs  Ramsay  with  Indian  women. We  can  read  Mrs  Ramsay  in  context of  idea of  ideal  Indian woman.

" Karyeshu  Dasi , Karaneshu Manthri;
Bhojeshu  Mata  ,  Shayaneshu Rambha ;
Kshamayeshu  Dharithri , Roopeshu Lakshmi ;
Satkarma  Yukta,  Kuladharma Pathni" 

3)    many   symbols  can be  found  in the  novel " to  the  lighthouse " in  the  novel  in  symbols is  'Fridge ' ,'Lily's  painting', 'the  Ramsay house ', 'the  sea' ,' the  fruit basket ' . Well  lighthouse  is  the  central  symbol  in the  novel.  And  two major  characters  are  also  very  symbolic.
1. Mrs Ramsay
2. Lily  Briscoe

5)             ' Kunstlerroman'  is  a  German term & novel.  It's  novel  justified  ' to the lighthouse ' novel. Because  'Kunstlerroman ' means  growth of  an  artist and  we  can also  find  two  artist  in  this  novel the lighthouse, Lily's character  and the novel  itself  is  a  struggle of  an artist, in this  novel 's  beginning  that  Lily  was  started  to  her  painting and  the  end  of the  novel  she  complete the novel. So here we find  that  artist  growth in mind.

7)      yes,  novel  is  a  very   hard  to  understand  and  to  compared  of  movie. Then  movie  is  not  faithful to the  novel  .because  the novel 's language  very  hard  and  novel is a very long. Well  ' TO the lighthouse ' movie  is also  long  but  it's  the movie  is  a power  of  imagination. First  thing  that  movie  and  novel  start & end  very  differently.

Thank  you  .

Coleridge biography literary sem 1

 

1. poem and prose are very different because poem is expressing to delight full,meanings and prose is expressing only thoughts .Then poem and prose are express to same thoughts. but poem's language is ornamental and rhyme ,meter , prose has simple regular and particular way of writing.
2. poem and poetry between in many differences. poem is presented to delight full thoughts. and poem is a writing which has melody , meter and rhyme and poetry without any meter and rhyme poetry connected to the heart of a poet or reader.

My points about 'The Birthday party'.

Respected sir , 

     Here  is  my  views  on  post  viewing  task .

1) why  are   two  scences  of  Lulu  omitted  from  the  movie? 

-         yes  two  scences  of  Lulu  omitted  from  the  movie.  Because Lulu  's  character  is  a  very  attractive  for  the  audience and  special  Pinter  wanted to  audience 's  attention  giving  for  Lulu 's character. Well  simply  from  the main  concern of  the  play .which revolves around the Stanley, so it doesn't  want to  create  any  unnecessary  scences which  divert the  audience 's  attention.

2) is  movie  successful  in  giving us the  effect  of  mence  ?where you  able to  feel  it  while  reading the  text?

-                yes, movie  is  successful in  giving  the  effect  of  mence. Movie  gives  more  effect than  text, because  in  text  you  have  only  to  read  . But  in  the  movie visual and  sounds  plays  important role  in  giving the  effect  of  mence.  In  this  we  can  see  that  more  sounds  are   effecting , as  that   knocking on  door  , sound of  Drum, teaching of  newspaper  by McCain in  sound act  these  sounds  make  us  feel  uneasy.

3) do  you  feel  the  effect  of Lurking  danger while  viewing the  movie?  Where  you  able to  feel the same while  reading the text.

-      yes  I  feel the  effect  of  Lurking  danger  when  Stanley plays  Drum  very  aggressively. And  in  the  movie  starting  on  street light is  sparking. And  coming & knocking of  the door that some  dangerous things  will  going to  happen it about also that  party  sequence is  a  very  Lurking dangerous moment of  this  play.

4) what  do  you  read  in  ' newspaper ' in  the  movie?  Petey  is  reading  newspaper to  meg  it  torn in to  pieces  by  McCain pieces are  hidden  by  petey  in  last  scene.

-       yes , 'Newspaper's  effect  is  significant of  this  movie. Petey  and meg  is  reading  newspaper which shows  power  or  higher  position and reality  behind the Newspaper.  McCain was  making  pieces of Newspaper  so  it  was  significant  reality  of  mecain and his  hidden  mask.

5) camera  is  positioned  over the  head  of  McCain when  he  is  playing  blind man's buff  and  is  positioned at the top  with a  view of  room like  a  cage ( trap) when Stanley  is  playing it  .what  interpretations  can you give to these  positioning of camera?

-     camera  is   positioned over the  head  of McCain. When  he  playing Blind mAn's  Buff  at  that time  he  is symbolized to the  he  is  a  powerful  person.  When  Stanley  was  wearing to  this  Buff  so  at  that camera  focusing to  the  Stanley  is  a  very  suffocate and  he  want  to  came out it .

6) " Pinter  restored  theatre  to  its  basic  elements;  an  enclosed  space  and  unpredictable dialogue, where  people  are  at  the  mercy of  one  another  and  pretense  crumble
S" ( Pinter, art , truth &  politics : excerpt  from  the  2005 Nobel  lecture ) does  this  happen  in  the  movie?

-  yes  meg  , petey  and  Lulu  mercy  for  Stanley  but  in  the  last  scene Stanley  was  present to  crumble  of all characters and he  was stranger  man.

7) how  does  viewing  movie  help  in better  understanding of the play  ' The Birthday party  ' with  it's  typical  characteristics  ( like  paintersque , pause , silence,  mence,  lurking  danger) ?

-  yes ,  of course  movie  virson  is help in  better  understanding of the  play  because  text  have only reading that  but  movie  in  visual and  sounds  played  vital  role  in  better understanding of pause, silence,  menace and  lurking  danger.

8)  with  which  of  the  following  observation  you  agree :

1. " it   probably  wasn't  possible to  make  a  Satisfactory  film of  " The Birthday party " .

2. " it  impossible  to  imagine  a  better  film  of  Pinter 's  play  than this  sensitive  disturbing  version directed  by  William friedkin " ( Ebert)

-   I  would  agree  with  second observation.  Because  this  play 's  movie  virson  is  a  very  satisfied. 

9)  if  you  were  director  or  screen  play  writer  , what  sort  of  difference  would you  Make  in the  making  of  movie ?

-   well  the  movie  is  a  best  virson of this  play. So  I  think that  not  need  to  difference  in  the  film & play .

10)  who  would  be  your  choice  of  actors  to  play  the  role  of  characters?  

-  my  choice of  actors to  play  the  role  of  characters  : 

Stanley  :   Randeep  hooda

Petey :   Nashrudin  shah

Meg:   Bindu 

Lulu:  sonkashi  shinha

McCain :  manoj Vajpayee 

Goldberg :  Irfan Khan

Thank  you ☺

Worksheet : postcolonialism

Respected  madam

             Here  I am  Apply   the  term  postcolonialism  and  racism  in  T.v  show  like ' Bidai' serial. In this  show  in  that  two  sister's  in  which  one sister  Ragini 's  skin  was  black .so  at  that  place in  use  of  to  term Racism. Well  Ragini 's  skin was  black so  her  suffering  to  many  time. Her  with created  to  discrimination  of  behaves.

                   I  turn  in  to  the  point  of  postcolonialism. In this  point  I explain  about  the  horror & adventurous  Hollywood  movie ' Pray' .

                       The  film  represents the  Horrible  forest of  Africa  and the  lion that  lives there .now let's talk about the story of the movie, a white man  in  the  film  comes in the  forest of  Africa  on  a  picnic with  his  family. But  the  man's family is  trapped  between the  forests on Africa  and the  lions.  It's  the white man 's  wife & her  two children in the  forest of Africa  spend some days  in  a  car to  prevent the lion's attack.

                      During  this  time, two  Africans  boy  see  the  mother and daughter in the car ,who  hunted  lioness in the  quite forest.  First of all ,these  unaware  African boys  see  that  both  mother & daughter  are  frightened and  they does not  have  the  power  to ask  for  help  ,but  after  both of  them  believe in Africans, so  both  of  ask  for  help from  him  and  it  also helps  African boys in the  end, an  African man  becomes  a  victim  of  a  lions than  he  can .

                    So  this  is  how  postcolonialism  can  be  seen  in  this way . Then  two African boys  were  seen  to  they  both  mother and daughter  so  at  that time in hers  very  afraid for to  Africans  . So  it's  show to  the  postcolonialism.

Movie review : ''The Reluctant Fundamentalist "

    This  blog  is  a   part  of  my  class room  activity  of  postcolonial  studies  film.  So  I  sharing my  ideas.

       
                       '" The Reluctant Fundamentalist " it  is  a  political thriller drama  and  film  based  on  the  2007  novel, the  reluctant  fundamentalist  by  mohsin  Hamid, directed  by  Mira  Nair.

                     In  this  movie in  a  young  Pakistani  man  is  changezkhan is  chasing  corporate success on wall street.  Changez Khan 's dream  was  that  he  was  successful  in  achieving  success in a big  business  company in  the  United States .and  to support  their  family from  their  own remuneration .

                       He  completed  his  dreams but  he  did not  remove the world  from  his  own  family, his  home  and  his  felling  for  religion.  He   gave  importance  to  both success  and  his  tradition.  He  sees every thing from a  professional liaison.  The  story  is  recounted  in flash  back in Lahore,  to an  American  journalist on  the  trail of a  kidnapped  professor.

                In this  film  we  clearly  see  that  relation  between  east and west .we  find  power  and  capitalism  there  and  postcolonial aspect. We  May  say  that  changez has  many   identity.

                 Well  changez also said that  about  himself  that  he  belongs to  both   of   country'country's. He  like  us   U.S.A nation.

                       Changez  has  great  belief  in  American economy and capitalism.  He  is   a   professional  business  dealer of  the  American company.  But  suddenly after  9/11  all  things  are   changed  for  him  that  how  America  look  toward  him, that  this  moment  9/11  attacked  on  Afghanistan  on  the  world tread  center  in  America reflect  the  reality.  Changez suspected  as   a  terrorist  because  of  his  religious  Islam. Changez  had  a  great  effect  on  the  life  of changez  from  this  attack on  America .
  
                        Changez 's  American  woman friend  also  began  to  misbehave with  him. After the  attack friends of  changez  and  his  colleague's  also  now saw  him  in  terms  of  fear  and  suspicion  as he was  a  Muslim  to be  terrorists.

    There are   many  such  issues  that  represent  discrimination  with  changez.

1. Investigation  is  taken  in a  nude  position  at  the  airport of  changez.

2. American  understand  that  people  who  have  a  battle and  beard are   also   terrorists  that  is  why  when  changez  raises  a  beard it  comes  from  suspicion.

3. An   American  person  punches  changez 's  car  and  misbehaving  with  him .

4. American journalists  who   was  also  a  friend  of   changez also  believes  changez  as  a  terrorists, UN believes in  him.

            So  we  find  that  postcoloniallism  aspect  here  when  changez  was  suffer  for  his  name  ,look  ,identity &  his  religious Muslim  are  disrespected  by  American.

                 Well  movie  in  showing that racism, post colonialism, business  skill & mindset and  American  dreams  with  very well  presented to  the  changez character.
  
            Changez  is  think  that  every  Muslim  is  not  terrorists  but  because  of  discrimination with  him  he  is  compelled  to  become a  terrorists.
  
   Thanks ☺

Review of 'Midnight children's '

Here  this  film 's review  is  my  class room activity.  So  I  share it .

                 ' Midnight children's ' novel  is  written  by  Salman Rushdie and this  novel 's film  adoption is  also that, so  this  film  directed  by  Deepa Mehta . Well  film 's version is released  in  2013 .and  film  in  show that  the  two  New born babies  at the  Midnight when India  achieved its  independence  from the  British. This  movie  presenting to  various  ages .beginning from  the grandparents to  the  grandchildren. When  India  achieved independence in midnight  at that time in birth by a nurse  at  a  Bombay  hospital, in the two  baby's. One  of  poor 's baby and another of  rich couple's  baby.so  nurse  changed to  each other this  two  babies. Well  story 's fact is  one ( saleem) is  a  son  of  beggar woman  ( poor baby)  where's the  other  child  ( Shiva ), (rich  baby) becomes the destined son of  a wealthy couple. 
 
                Well  this  two  children  are  born  in  to  India 's independent  moment at the  Midnight  . So  this  novel 's title  is  'midnight children's 'is  prooved it.

               This  film  based  on  India  before  independent  and  after  independent  colonial & postcolonial  aspects.  It's about the  political  power  and  superiority & there Deepa mehta 's  narration of  Muslim it's  challenge by  marginalization .

                            This movie  was  shown  to  every  circumstances which was  shown political, economical  and  sociological  affairs  have  been  introduced in  the  post colonial atmosphere. Apart  from  this  the  painting  of  two  children  growing  up  between  richness  and poverty  and the  life  of  their  two  countries  has been  distressed.

              The  most  important thing  is  that  the  film 's hero  'saleem ' which  is  not  a  Muslim  but  it is a  Hindu  'Shiva ' . However, it  has to be discriminated  against by  becoming  a  Muslim  because  he  was a  Muslim  in  the  partition of  India & Pakistan, so he  was  discriminated against  in  his  family. 

                     When  saleem 's  father  realises  that  he  is not  his  son ,then he  also  behaves with  saleem with  discrimination because  there  is  no Muslim child  but  a  Hindu child.
                          Saleem, Parvati  gets  the  film  if  she  goes  ahead.  Parvati is  a  dancing  girl  and  she  lives  in  a  residential  colony  of  Mumbai.  Saleem  marries  with  her. Parvati  believes & doing magic  and in the  last  moment, she  dies  herself and  shiva's child is  saved  by  magic.  Then  this  child remains the  basic  of  saleem.

                 But  the  child  is  not  even saleem  but  it's  Shiva. However, saleem  adopts him  and  gives  the  essence  of  the  movie.

                     So  it's  my  postcolonial view  of  this  movie. I really  like  this  movie  and  story.